The Awakening
- Title:
- The Awakening
- Alternate Title:
- The Awakening
- Collection:
- Persuasive Maps: PJ Mode Collection
- Creator:
- Mayer, Henry ("Hy")
Mayer, Henry, 1868-1954
- Date:
- 1915
- Posted Date:
- 2015-08-25
- ID Number:
- 1176.01
- File Name:
- PJM_1176_01.jpg
- Style/Period:
- 1900 - 1919
- Subject:
- Suffrage
Pictorial - Measurement:
- 35 x 53 (centimeters, height x width)
- Notes:
- This is the most striking of the "suffrage maps," which played a major role in the successful fight for women's suffrage in the U.S. These maps capitalized on the spread of suffrage across the country to build momentum for the cause. “Branding” the suffrage movement in this way has been called "the most extensive use of a single iconic map image for persuasive purposes in the United States." Dando 2010, 222; see generally Schulten 2021.
In this map, Lady Liberty, wearing a cape labeled "Votes for Women," stands astride the states (colored white) that had adopted suffrage. She holds aloft her torch, bringing "enlightenment" to women in those states still in the dark. The faces of these women are turned up to the light, and some reach out in hope. (Many have fashionably short hair and hats, reflecting the middle- and upper-class core of the suffrage movement. Dando 2010, 224). This map appeared in the magazine Puck during the Empire State Campaign, a hard-fought referendum on a suffrage amendment to the New York State constitution; the referendum failed in 1915, but was successful two years later.
The illustrator was Henry "Hy" Mayer, a German-born artist who was Puck's chief cartoonist at the time this was published. Kahn 2014, 322. Below the illustration is a poem by Alice Duer Miller, a novelist, playwright, screenwriter, member of the Algonquin Hotel Round Table and "popular poet of tremendous range and skill." Chapman 2003, 1. Miller was an active and tireless feminist who produced a substantial volume of "defiant, witty suffrage verse." Ibid. 3.
The suffrage movement, founded in 1848, had lost momentum by 1900. Only four states had given women the right to vote: Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Idaho. But with the turn of the century, new leadership came of age in the movement and with it new tactics to reach a broader audience: parades, rallies, speeches - "from the parlour to the streets." Dando 223. In December 2007, Bertha Knobe published a "Map of the United States Showing Status of Woman's Suffrage Legislation" in Appleton's magazine. It was promptly reprinted in The Woman's Journal on January 11, 2008 (Ibid. 222-24) and again on January 23. (ID # 1165, "Women and the School Vote".) A version appeared in Harper's Weekly in April, showing women's rights to vote around the world (ID # 2089).
In these first maps, the states that had adopted suffrage were colored black and the others white (or gray, in the case of partial suffrage). By 1911, the colors had been reversed. See ID # 1169 (Rembaugh). "As a result, the map offers a visual form of the suffrage argument that the vote emancipates women (white associated with purity, virtue, freedom) while the lack of full emancipation keeps women shackled and 'in the dark' (black as uncleanness, unclarity, slavery)." Dando 226.
Knobe said in 2008 that "I hope everybody in the country will assiduously take to the making of suffrage maps, for it is a most effective way to advertise the cause." Ibid. 224. She got her wish; "I cannot imagine a single map that was produced, reproduced, or displayed as much as the suffrage map." Ibid. 235. The map was used in billboards, posters, parade floats, pageants, silent films, window cards, newspaper ads and articles, paper fans (35,000 during the unsuccessful Empire State campaign of 1915), calendars, and items targeted specifically at men such as drinking glasses and baseball programs. Ibid. 227, 232-34. See, for example, ID #1173 "Stationery logo 1913"; #1177 "Poster stamp 1915"; #2014 "Speech by male supporter 1916"; #2100 "Postcard 1917"; #1207 "The Woman Voter and the Next President" 1919. It became "so pervasive in the American landscape that writers and speakers could refer to it without its being present." Ibid. 228.
The suffrage map was so successful that the cost of reprinting it caused serious financial problems for the national movement, because every time a state granted additional voting rights for women, supporters demanded updated versions. Dando 227-28. And it was so successful that the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage reprinted and attacked it on its own broadside! ID #1171 "Population Votes - Not Area".
The collection includes a number of persuasive maps featuring the Statue of Liberty; Search “Statute of Liberty.”
For other examples of the suffrage map, Search > "Suffrage."
For further information on the Collector’s Notes and a Feedback/Contact Link, see https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/content/about-collection-personal-statement and https://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/content/feedback-and-contact - Source:
- Puck Magazine, February 20, 1915, pp. 14-15
- Repository:
- Private Collection of PJ Mode
- Format:
- Image
- Rights:
- For important information about copyright and use, see http://persuasivemaps.library.cornell.edu/copyright.